Evidence of a gap in the envelope mass fraction of sub-Saturns

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Table B.1

Properties and results of the interior structure modeling for the planets in our sample.

Planet	Period [d]	R_p [R_⊕]	M_p [M_⊕]	Age [Gyr]	T_eq [K]	f_{env, low Fe/H}	f_{env, medium Fe/H}	f_{env, high Fe/H}	References
EPIC 211945201 b	19.49213	6.12 ± 0.1	$27 . 0_{- 13.0}^{+ 14.0}$ $27.0_{-13.0}^{+14.0}$	$4 . 4_{- 10}^{+ 0.7}$ $4.4_{-1.0}^{+0.7}$	882 ± 15	0.21 ± 0.02	$0 . 29_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.29_{-0.04}^{+0.06}$	0.38 ± 0.03	1
K2-24 b	20.88257	5.64 ± 0.07	$20 . 6_{- 0.3}^{+ 1.6}$ $20.6_{-0.3}^{+1.6}$	$13 . 4_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.9}$ $13.4_{-0.4}^{+0.9}$	769 ± 37	0.2 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.03	0.34 ± 0.02	2
K2-24 c	42.3773	$7 . 93_{- 0.13}^{+ 0.12}$ $7.93_{-0.13}^{+0.12}$	$16 . 4_{- 0.2}^{+ 1.3}$ $16.4_{-0.2}^{+1.3}$	$13 . 4_{- 0.9}^{+ 0.9}$ $13.4_{-0.9}^{+0.9}$	607 ± 30	0.48 ± 0.03	0.59^+0.07	$0 . 83_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.83_{-0.07}^{+0.05}$	2
K2-280 b	19.89526	7.5 ± 0.5	37 ± 6	$10 . 2_{- 1.3}^{+ 7.0}$ $10.2_{-1.3}^{+7.0}$	788 ± 26	0.46 ± 0.07	${0.57}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.1}$ $0.57_{-0.1}^{+0.1}$	0.74 ± 0.1	3
KOI-1783.01	134.4629	$9 . 03_{- 0.24}^{+ 0.23}$ $9.03_{-0.24}^{+0.23}$	$89 . 0_{- 16.0}^{+ 19.0}$ $89.0_{-16.0}^{+19.0}$	3.4 ± 0.7	421 ± 7	0.72 ± 0.05	$0 . 73_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.73_{-0.06}^{+0.07}$	$0 . 93_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.04}$ $0.93_{-0.05}^{+0.04}$	4
KOI-1783.02	284.2162	$5 . 5_{- 0.3}^{+ 0.6}$ $5.5_{-0.3}^{+0.6}$	$18 . 5_{- 4.4}^{+ 5.5}$ $18.5_{-4.4}^{+5.5}$	3.4 ± 0.7	328 ± 6	$0 . 22_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.22_{-0.05}^{+0.07}$	${0.28}_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.09}$ $0.28_{-0.08}^{+0.09}$	$0 . 41_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.1}$ $0.41_{-0.09}^{+0.1}$	4
KOI-94 e	54.3261	$6 . 07_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.12}$ $6.07_{-0.18}^{+0.12}$	19 ± 3	$2 . 5_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.4}$ $2.5_{-0.4}^{+0.4}$	654 ± 30	0.2 ± 0.02	${0.28}_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.28_{-0.05}^{+0.07}$	0.39 ± 0.04	4
Kepler-103 c	179.60978	5.45 ± 0.18	58 ± 12	$5 . 2_{- 0.5}^{+ 0.5}$ $5.2_{-0.5}^{+0.5}$	437 ± 5	0.15 ± 0.03	$0 . 17_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.17_{-0.06}^{+0.06}$	0.27 ± 0.05	5
Kepler-111 c	224.77833	7.08 ± 0.33	$222 . 0_{- 42.0}^{+ 45.0}$ $222.0_{-42.0}^{+45.0}$	${2.6}_{- 0.8}^{+ 0.9}$ $2.6_{-0.8}^{+0.9}$	352 ± 9	$0 . 27_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.27_{-0.06}^{+0.07}$	${0.25}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.08}$ $0.25_{-0.07}^{+0.08}$	${0.56}_{- 0.24}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.56_{-0.24}^{+0.11}$	6
Kepler-117 b	18.7959228	8.1 ± 0.3	30 ± 11	$3 . 6_{- 0.3}^{+ 0.4}$ $3.6_{-0.3}^{+0.4}$	990 ± 30	0.46 ± 0.05	$0 . 58_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.09}$ $0.58_{-0.07}^{+0.09}$	$0 . 79_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.79_{-0.08}^{+0.07}$	7
Kepler-1513 b	160.8842	$8 . 6_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.04}$ $8.6_{-0.03}^{+0.04}$	${48.0}_{- 20.0}^{+ 34.0}$ $48.0_{-20.0}^{+34.0}$	4.1 ± 1.9	343 ± 16	$0 . 69_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.69_{-0.05}^{+0.07}$	${0.79}_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.21}$ $0.79_{-0.08}^{+0.21}$	0.98 ± 0.02	8
Kepler-450 b	28.4548844	6.083 ± 0.003	$19 . 4_{- 6.8}^{+ 11.1}$ $19.4_{-6.8}^{+11.1}$	$3 . 67_{- 017}^{+ 0.11}$ $3.67_{-017}^{+0.11}$	863 ± 35	0.21 ± 0.01	$0 . 27_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.27_{-0.04}^{+0.07}$	$0 . 39_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.02}$ $0.39_{-0.02}^{+0.02}$	9
Kepler-849 b	394.62508	8.1 ± 0.4	299 ± 70	$3 . 9_{- 0.23}^{+ 0.3}$ $3.9_{-0.23}^{+0.3}$	363 ± 12	0.46 ± 0.07	$0 . 45_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.45_{-0.1}^{+0.11}$	$0 . 73_{- 0.23}^{+ 0.14}$ $0.73_{-0.23}^{+0.14}$	6
Kepler-9 b	19.23891	${8.29}_{- 0.43}^{+ 0.54}$ $8.29_{-0.43}^{+0.54}$	${43.4}_{- 2.0}^{+ 1.6}$ $43.4_{-2.0}^{+1.6}$	${2.5}_{- 1.1}^{+ 0.9}$ $2.5_{-1.1}^{+0.9}$	724 ± 11	${0.58}_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.58_{-0.08}^{+0.11}$	0.69 ± 0.1	$0 . 8_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.04}$ $0.8_{-0.04}^{+0.04}$	10
Kepler-9 c	38.9853	$8 . 08_{- 0.41}^{+ 0.54}$ $8.08_{-0.41}^{+0.54}$	$29 . 9_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.1}$ $29.9_{-1.3}^{+1.1}$	$2 . 5_{- 1.1}^{+ 0.9}$ $2.5_{-1.1}^{+0.9}$	572 ± 9	$0 . 55_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.09}$ $0.55_{-0.08}^{+0.09}$	$0 . 68_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.12}$ $0.68_{-0.1}^{+0.12}$	${0.86}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.08}$ $0.86_{-0.1}^{+0.08}$	10
TIC 139270665 b	23.624	9.8 ± 0.5	164 ± 17	3.8 ± 0.5	834 ± 22	0.32 ± 0.04	$0 . 33_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.33_{-0.07}^{+0.07}$	$0 . 61_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.61_{-0.07}^{+0.07}$	11
TOI-1386 b	25.83839	$6 . 053_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.2}$ $6.053_{-0.18}^{+0.2}$	47.0 ± 6.3	${4.2}_{- 1.2}^{+ 1.5}$ $4.2_{-1.2}^{+1.5}$	676 ± 14	0.22 ± 0.03	$0 . 27_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.27_{-0.06}^{+0.07}$	$0 . 41_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.41_{-0.05}^{+0.06}$	12
TOI-1439 b	27.644	$4 . 24_{- 0.37}^{+ 0.23}$ $4.24_{-0.37}^{+0.23}$	$38 . 5_{- 5.6}^{+ 5.7}$ $38.5_{-5.6}^{+5.7}$	$5 . 0_{- 1.6}^{+ 0.4}$ $5.0_{-1.6}^{+0.4}$	819 ± 13	$0 . 03_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.02}$ $0.03_{-0.01}^{+0.02}$	0.03 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.03	13
TOI-1836 b	20.38085	8.38 ± 0.19	28.4 ± 4.3	${4.8}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.9}$ $4.8_{-0.1}^{+0.9}$	999 ± 21	0.53 ± 0.04	${0.66}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.08}$ $0.66_{-0.06}^{+0.08}$	$0 . 85_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.85_{-0.05}^{+0.05}$	14
TOI-2019 b	15.3444	5.66 ± 0.28	34.6 ± 4.2	${4.93}_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.12}$ $4.93_{-0.11}^{+0.12}$	989 ± 29	0.16 ± 0.03	$0 . 22_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.22_{-0.05}^{+0.06}$	${0.28}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.28_{-0.07}^{+0.06}$	14
TOI-2134 c	95.5	7.27 ± 0.42	42 ± 8	$7 . 1_{- 31}^{+ 2.3}$ $7.1_{-31}^{+2.3}$	308 ± 7	$0 . 47_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.08}$ $0.47_{-0.07}^{+0.08}$	$0 . 55_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.1}$ $0.55_{-0.1}^{+0.1}$	${0.78}_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.78_{-0.12}^{+0.11}$	15
TOI-2525 b	23.2856	8.67 ± 0.12	27 ± 2	${10.6}_{- 2.2}^{+ 3.6}$ $10.6_{-2.2}^{+3.6}$	560 ± 16	0.67 ± 0.03	${0.79}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.79_{-0.06}^{+0.11}$	${0.98}_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.01}$ $0.98_{-0.02}^{+0.01}$	16
TOI-4994 b	21.491984	$8 . 54_{- 0.31}^{+ 0.34}$ $8.54_{-0.31}^{+0.34}$	89 ± 13	$12 . 7_{- 0.8}^{+ 2.2}$ $12.7_{-0.8}^{+2.2}$	718 ± 21	0.63 ± 0.06	$0 . 73_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.09}$ $0.73_{-0.07}^{+0.09}$	$0 . 94_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.04}$ $0.94_{-0.06}^{+0.04}$	17
TOI-5678 b	47.73022	4.91 ± 0.08	20.0 ± 4.0	$8 . 8_{- 1.0}^{+ 1.1}$ $8.8_{-1.0}^{+1.1}$	513 ± 7	0.13 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.02	0.23 ± 0.02	18
HD 332231 b	18.71204	$9 . 7_{- 0.28}^{+ 0.3}$ $9.7_{-0.28}^{+0.3}$	77.6 ± 6.7	3.0 ± 0.5	876 ± 22	$0 . 78_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.78_{-0.05}^{+0.06}$	0.89 ± 0.07	$0 . 98_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.02}$ $0.98_{-0.03}^{+0.02}$	19
PH2 b	282.5254	9.49 ± 0.16	$109 . 0_{- 33.0}^{+ 30.0}$ $109.0_{-33.0}^{+30.0}$	5.0 ± 1.5	295 ± 5	$0 . 83_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.83_{-0.05}^{+0.05}$	$0 . 9_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.9_{-0.06}^{+0.06}$	${0.99}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $0.99_{-0.01}^{+0.01}$	5
TOI-1898 b	45.522149	9.74 ± 0.22	127.5 ± 6.6	3.5+0.3_−1.1	741 ± 13	0.77 ± 0.04	$0 . 84_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.84_{-0.05}^{+0.05}$	$0 . 99_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $0.99_{-0.01}^{+0.01}$	14
TOI-2328 b	17.10197	9.97 ± 0.45	51.0 ± 6.4	$7 . 3_{- 1.4}^{+ 1.5}$ $7.3_{-1.4}^{+1.5}$	707 ± 31	0.87 ± 0.08	$0 . 92_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.92_{-0.08}^{+0.05}$	$0 . 98_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.01}$ $0.98_{-0.03}^{+0.01}$	20

References: 1 Chakraborty et al. (2018); 2 Nascimbeni et al. (2024); 3 Nowak et al. (2020); 4 Jontof-Hutter et al. (2022); 5 Dubber et al. (2019); 6 Dalba et al. (2024); 7 Bruno et al. (2015); 8 Yahalomi et al. (2024); 9 Yoffe et al. (2021); 10 Borsato et al. (2019); 11 (Dalba & Peluso, private communication); 12 Hill et al. (2024); 13 Polanski et al. (2024); 14 Chontos et al. (2024); 15 Rescigno et al. (2024); 16 Trifonov et al. (2023); 17 Rodríguez Martínez et al. (2025); 18 Ulmer-Moll et al. (2023); 19 Dalba et al. (2020); 20 Tala Pinto et al. (2025).

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