The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Observations of supermassive black hole binary candidates - Strong sinusoidal variations at 95, 147, and 225 GHz in PKS 2131–021 and PKS J0805–0111

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Volume 706 (February 2026)

A&A, 706 (2026) A206

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Table 3.

PKS 2131–021 phase shifts with frequency.

Instrument	Frequency	Phase	Uncert.
	Band	(Fraction	(Fraction
		of cycle)	of cycle)
Haystack	2.7 GHz	0.145	0.028
Haystack	7.9 GHz	0.048	0.013
Haystack/OVRO	15 GHz^a	0	0
Haystack	31.4 GHz	−0.034	0.022
ALMA	91.5 GHz	−0.073	0.005
ACT	95 GHz	−0.074	0.005
ALMA	103.5 GHz	−0.077	0.005
ACT	147 GHz	−0.079	0.005
ACT	225 GHz	−0.092	0.018
ALMA	345 GHz	−0.134	0.009
WISE	infrared^b	−0.27	0.05
ZTF	optical^c	−0.352	0.008

Notes. The OVRO light curve was the phase reference, except for the Haystack data, whose light curves do not overlap with the others, and which use the Haystack 15.5 GHz channel as the reference. Apart from the ACT results, the data in this table are taken directly from Table 2 of K25.

^(a)

The Haystack channel is 15.5 GHz; OVRO is 15 GHz.

^(b)

Both the WISE 1 (2.8–3.8 μm) and WISE 2 (4.1–5.2 μm) bands were analysed, and gave the same phase shift.

^(c)

The ZTF phase shift is from the combined r-, g-, and i-bands.

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