Duration and properties of the embedded phase of star formation in 37 nearby galaxies from PHANGS-JWST

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Table B.2.

Physical quantities associated with 21 μm describing the evolution timeline of molecular clouds.

Galaxy	Hubble T-type^a	t_{21 μm}^b	t_{fb, 21 μm}^c	t_obscured^d	λ_{fb, 21 μm}^e	f_{diff, 21 μm}^f	ℰ_{21 μm}^g

NGC1512	1.2±0.25	11.9 $\pm_{2.01}^{1.59}$ $\pm_{2.01}^{1.59}$	3.64 $\pm_{1.02}^{0.85}$ $\pm_{1.02}^{0.85}$	2.29 $\pm_{1.49}^{1.29}$ $\pm_{1.49}^{1.29}$	302.33 $\pm_{34.13}^{37.64}$ $\pm_{34.13}^{37.64}$	0.58 $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$ $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$	2.7 $\pm_{0.81}^{0.7}$ $\pm_{0.81}^{0.7}$
NGC1433	1.5±0.35	8.42 $\pm_{1.16}^{1.49}$ $\pm_{1.16}^{1.49}$	3.42 $\pm_{1.0}^{1.27}$ $\pm_{1.0}^{1.27}$	1.33 $\pm_{1.49}^{1.72}$ $\pm_{1.49}^{1.72}$	201.2 $\pm_{26.66}^{41.78}$ $\pm_{26.66}^{41.78}$	0.66 $\pm_{0.01}^{0.01}$ $\pm_{0.01}^{0.01}$	1.66 $\pm_{0.38}^{0.97}$ $\pm_{0.38}^{0.97}$
NGC4941	2.1±0.3	6.84 $\pm_{1.53}^{1.62}$ $\pm_{1.53}^{1.62}$	≤6.46	≤4.64	≤188.38	0.73 $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$ $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$	1.06 $\pm_{0.25}^{0.22}$ $\pm_{0.25}^{0.22}$
NGC5134	2.9±0.5	3.75 $\pm_{1.08}^{1.97}$ $\pm_{1.08}^{1.97}$	≤4.96	≤3.84	≤271.38	0.64 $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$ $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$	1.11 $\pm_{0.27}^{1.38}$ $\pm_{0.27}^{1.38}$
NGC3627	3.1±0.2	3.34 $\pm_{0.77}^{2.52}$ $\pm_{0.77}^{2.52}$	≤4.74	≤3.05	≤376.56	0.71 $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$ $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$	1.12 $\pm_{0.17}^{1.77}$ $\pm_{0.17}^{1.77}$
NGC3507	3.1±0.2	2.79 $\pm_{0.46}^{0.77}$ $\pm_{0.46}^{0.77}$	≤2.84	≤1.54	≤240.29	0.65 $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$ $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$	1.05 $\pm_{0.25}^{0.52}$ $\pm_{0.25}^{0.52}$
NGC3351	3.1±0.2	10.07 $\pm_{1.58}^{1.89}$ $\pm_{1.58}^{1.89}$	5.23 $\pm_{1.49}^{1.63}$ $\pm_{1.49}^{1.63}$	3.11 $\pm_{2.05}^{2.56}$ $\pm_{2.05}^{2.56}$	143.3 $\pm_{20.07}^{27.16}$ $\pm_{20.07}^{27.16}$	0.67 $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$ $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$	1.46 $\pm_{0.29}^{0.6}$ $\pm_{0.29}^{0.6}$
NGC4548	3.1±0.25	4.89 $\pm_{1.33}^{1.74}$ $\pm_{1.33}^{1.74}$	≤3.23	≤3.19	≤208.1	0.64 $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$ $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$	1.08 $\pm_{0.19}^{0.18}$ $\pm_{0.19}^{0.18}$
NGC6300	3.1±0.3	3.38 $\pm_{0.65}^{0.66}$ $\pm_{0.65}^{0.66}$	≤3.61	≤1.27	≤111.96	0.66 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.06 $\pm_{0.19}^{0.25}$ $\pm_{0.19}^{0.25}$
NGC7496	3.2±0.3	5.9 $\pm_{2.27}^{4.04}$ $\pm_{2.27}^{4.04}$	4.16 $\pm_{2.61}^{3.94}$ $\pm_{2.61}^{3.94}$	0.37 $\pm_{3.77}^{7.28}$ $\pm_{3.77}^{7.28}$	237.45 $\pm_{72.99}^{361.49}$ $\pm_{72.99}^{361.49}$	0.62 $\pm_{0.08}^{0.08}$ $\pm_{0.08}^{0.08}$	1.36 $\pm_{0.65}^{4.68}$ $\pm_{0.65}^{4.68}$
NGC1365	3.2±0.35	16.91 $\pm_{7.98}^{6.43}$ $\pm_{7.98}^{6.43}$	8.65 $\pm_{6.76}^{6.07}$ $\pm_{6.76}^{6.07}$	3.57 $\pm_{8.21}^{12.3}$ $\pm_{8.21}^{12.3}$	295.8 $\pm_{82.68}^{282.53}$ $\pm_{82.68}^{282.53}$	0.74 $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$ $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$	1.44 $\pm_{0.54}^{2.92}$ $\pm_{0.54}^{2.92}$
NGC1097	3.3±0.25	5.69 $\pm_{1.42}^{2.97}$ $\pm_{1.42}^{2.97}$	4.74 $\pm_{1.62}^{2.69}$ $\pm_{1.62}^{2.69}$	3.48 $\pm_{2.28}^{3.37}$ $\pm_{2.28}^{3.37}$	288.95 $\pm_{71.62}^{184.19}$ $\pm_{71.62}^{184.19}$	0.62 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.85 $\pm_{0.66}^{2.16}$ $\pm_{0.66}^{2.16}$
IC1954	3.3±0.45	3.61 $\pm_{0.96}^{1.14}$ $\pm_{0.96}^{1.14}$	≤4.14	≤2.94	≤180.45	0.58 $\pm_{0.08}^{0.08}$ $\pm_{0.08}^{0.08}$	1.01 $\pm_{0.32}^{0.45}$ $\pm_{0.32}^{0.45}$
NGC4303	4.0±0.05	5.54 $\pm_{1.0}^{1.38}$ $\pm_{1.0}^{1.38}$	≤6.04	≤3.7	≤246.38	0.65 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.11 $\pm_{0.22}^{0.55}$ $\pm_{0.22}^{0.55}$
NGC1566	4.0±0.1	4.34 $\pm_{0.84}^{3.33}$ $\pm_{0.84}^{3.33}$	≤6.46	≤2.93	≤272.22	0.59 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.21 $\pm_{0.21}^{1.32}$ $\pm_{0.21}^{1.32}$
NGC1300	4.0±0.1	6.72 $\pm_{0.88}^{1.52}$ $\pm_{0.88}^{1.52}$	3.34 $\pm_{0.95}^{1.43}$ $\pm_{0.95}^{1.43}$	0.85 $\pm_{1.37}^{2.02}$ $\pm_{1.37}^{2.02}$	222.9 $\pm_{34.93}^{70.51}$ $\pm_{34.93}^{70.51}$	0.64 $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$ $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$	1.6 $\pm_{0.38}^{1.24}$ $\pm_{0.38}^{1.24}$
NGC3059	4.0±0.1	3.15 $\pm_{0.6}^{0.68}$ $\pm_{0.6}^{0.68}$	≤3.49	≤-0.49	≤258.53	0.72 $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$ $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$	1.33 $\pm_{0.34}^{0.75}$ $\pm_{0.34}^{0.75}$
NGC4321	4.0±0.15	4.98 $\pm_{0.8}^{0.86}$ $\pm_{0.8}^{0.86}$	≤5.09	≤3.06	≤200.78	0.66 $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$ $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$	1.13 $\pm_{0.17}^{0.36}$ $\pm_{0.17}^{0.36}$
NGC2090	4.5±0.9	2.49 $\pm_{0.5}^{0.43}$ $\pm_{0.5}^{0.43}$	≤1.95	≤1.05	≤148.24	0.71 $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$ $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$	1.05 $\pm_{0.19}^{0.22}$ $\pm_{0.19}^{0.22}$
NGC4689	4.7±0.45	2.87 $\pm_{0.56}^{0.52}$ $\pm_{0.56}^{0.52}$	≤3.11	≤0.66	≤131.55	0.6 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.0 $\pm_{0.21}^{0.2}$ $\pm_{0.21}^{0.2}$
NGC5643	5.0±0.15	3.5 $\pm_{0.64}^{0.71}$ $\pm_{0.64}^{0.71}$	≤3.81	≤1.5	≤117.74	0.61 $\pm_{0.06}^{0.06}$ $\pm_{0.06}^{0.06}$	1.08 $\pm_{0.22}^{0.36}$ $\pm_{0.22}^{0.36}$
NGC5042	5.0±0.2	3.29 $\pm_{0.76}^{0.66}$ $\pm_{0.76}^{0.66}$	≤2.95	≤1.82	≤210.99	0.56 $\pm_{0.06}^{0.06}$ $\pm_{0.06}^{0.06}$	1.13 $\pm_{0.23}^{0.52}$ $\pm_{0.23}^{0.52}$
NGC2835	5.0±0.2	2.93 $\pm_{0.52}^{1.03}$ $\pm_{0.52}^{1.03}$	1.53 $\pm_{0.56}^{0.9}$ $\pm_{0.56}^{0.9}$	0.26 $\pm_{0.98}^{1.39}$ $\pm_{0.98}^{1.39}$	134.05 $\pm_{26.66}^{76.09}$ $\pm_{26.66}^{76.09}$	0.5 $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$ $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$	1.55 $\pm_{0.4}^{1.89}$ $\pm_{0.4}^{1.89}$
NGC0628	5.2±0.25	4.9 $\pm_{0.82}^{1.43}$ $\pm_{0.82}^{1.43}$	3.01 $\pm_{0.93}^{1.5}$ $\pm_{0.93}^{1.5}$	0.75 $\pm_{1.58}^{2.11}$ $\pm_{1.58}^{2.11}$	75.98 $\pm_{12.45}^{24.89}$ $\pm_{12.45}^{24.89}$	0.58 $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$ $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$	1.28 $\pm_{0.24}^{0.63}$ $\pm_{0.24}^{0.63}$
NGC3596	5.2±0.25	3.91 $\pm_{0.76}^{0.66}$ $\pm_{0.76}^{0.66}$	≤3.44	≤1.38	≤100.47	0.6 $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$ $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$	1.07 $\pm_{0.22}^{0.36}$ $\pm_{0.22}^{0.36}$
NGC1087	5.2±0.4	6.08 $\pm_{1.3}^{1.33}$ $\pm_{1.3}^{1.33}$	≤5.42	≤4.02	≤223.61	0.67 $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$ $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$	1.12 $\pm_{0.27}^{0.8}$ $\pm_{0.27}^{0.8}$
NGC0685	5.4±0.3	4.73 $\pm_{1.03}^{1.02}$ $\pm_{1.03}^{1.02}$	3.27 $\pm_{1.43}^{0.95}$ $\pm_{1.43}^{0.95}$	0.07 $\pm_{2.46}^{2.6}$ $\pm_{2.46}^{2.6}$	241.91 $\pm_{56.0}^{76.17}$ $\pm_{56.0}^{76.17}$	0.57 $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$ $\pm_{0.05}^{0.05}$	1.23 $\pm_{0.29}^{0.64}$ $\pm_{0.29}^{0.64}$
IC5273	5.6±0.5	3.92 $\pm_{1.29}^{1.38}$ $\pm_{1.29}^{1.38}$	≤4.64	≤2.36	≤225.9	0.62 $\pm_{0.07}^{0.07}$ $\pm_{0.07}^{0.07}$	1.0 $\pm_{0.37}^{0.63}$ $\pm_{0.37}^{0.63}$
NGC2283	5.9±0.2	4.04 $\pm_{1.03}^{1.47}$ $\pm_{1.03}^{1.47}$	≤3.74	≤2.8	≤206.17	0.48 $\pm_{0.09}^{0.09}$ $\pm_{0.09}^{0.09}$	1.14 $\pm_{0.28}^{1.56}$ $\pm_{0.28}^{1.56}$
NGC4731	5.9±0.25	5.38 $\pm_{2.92}^{6.74}$ $\pm_{2.92}^{6.74}$	3.3 $\pm_{2.63}^{1.72}$ $\pm_{2.63}^{1.72}$	-0.25 $\pm_{4.1}^{13.05}$ $\pm_{4.1}^{13.05}$	212.05 $\pm_{83.24}^{185.02}$ $\pm_{83.24}^{185.02}$	0.56 $\pm_{0.13}^{0.13}$ $\pm_{0.13}^{0.13}$	1.27 $\pm_{0.49}^{3.87}$ $\pm_{0.49}^{3.87}$
1111NGC1385	5.9±0.25	3.78 $\pm_{1.45}^{1.49}$ $\pm_{1.45}^{1.49}$	≤4.68	≤4.15	≤230.8	0.59 $\pm_{0.11}^{0.11}$ $\pm_{0.11}^{0.11}$	1.11 $\pm_{0.43}^{2.37}$ $\pm_{0.43}^{2.37}$
NGC4951	6.0±0.15	3.88 $\pm_{1.06}^{1.56}$ $\pm_{1.06}^{1.56}$	≤2.33	≤0.04	≤204.49	0.74 $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$ $\pm_{0.03}^{0.03}$	1.0 $\pm_{0.18}^{0.29}$ $\pm_{0.18}^{0.29}$
NGC5068	6.0±0.2	2.7 $\pm_{0.55}^{0.93}$ $\pm_{0.55}^{0.93}$	1.93 $\pm_{0.82}^{0.93}$ $\pm_{0.82}^{0.93}$	0.72 $\pm_{1.1}^{1.28}$ $\pm_{1.1}^{1.28}$	65.86 $\pm_{16.79}^{29.17}$ $\pm_{16.79}^{29.17}$	0.61 $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$ $\pm_{0.02}^{0.02}$	1.94 $\pm_{0.71}^{2.91}$ $\pm_{0.71}^{2.91}$
NGC4540	6.2±0.45	1.9 $\pm_{0.64}^{0.92}$ $\pm_{0.64}^{0.92}$	≤2.2	≤1.8	≤126.28	0.67 $\pm_{0.07}^{0.07}$ $\pm_{0.07}^{0.07}$	1.0 $\pm_{0.25}^{0.19}$ $\pm_{0.25}^{0.19}$
NGC4571	6.4±0.4	2.55 $\pm_{0.62}^{0.57}$ $\pm_{0.62}^{0.57}$	≤2.57	≤-0.01	≤108.54	0.67 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.0 $\pm_{0.4}^{0.07}$ $\pm_{0.4}^{0.07}$
NGC4781	7.0±0.15	1.94 $\pm_{0.4}^{0.46}$ $\pm_{0.4}^{0.46}$	≤1.98	≤0.84	≤159.88	0.62 $\pm_{0.07}^{0.07}$ $\pm_{0.07}^{0.07}$	1.09 $\pm_{0.24}^{0.76}$ $\pm_{0.24}^{0.76}$
NGC4496A	7.4±0.85	3.63 $\pm_{0.82}^{1.24}$ $\pm_{0.82}^{1.24}$	≤3.83	≤2.36	≤208.88	0.53 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.16 $\pm_{0.24}^{0.79}$ $\pm_{0.24}^{0.79}$

Median	-	3.91 $\pm_{0.88}^{1.38}$ $\pm_{0.88}^{1.38}$	3.38 $\pm_{1.23}^{1.47}$ $\pm_{1.23}^{1.47}$	0.80 $\pm_{0.80}^{1.47}$ $\pm_{0.80}^{1.47}$	217.48 $\pm_{34.53}^{73.30}$ $\pm_{34.53}^{73.30}$	0.62 $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$ $\pm_{0.04}^{0.04}$	1.12 $\pm_{0.27}^{0.64}$ $\pm_{0.27}^{0.64}$

Notes.

Hubble morphological T-types taken from the HyperLEDA database (Paturel et al. 2003a,b; Makarov et al. 2014).

Total duration of 21 μm emission (in megayears).

Feedback timescale associated with 21 μm (in megayears).

Duration of the obscured star-formation phase (in megayears, defined in Eq. 3).

Characteristic region separation length (in parsecs ).

Diffuse emission fraction of 21 μm.

Peak-to-galactic average flux constrast.

For some galaxies, only a 1σ upper limit can be obtained on t_{fb, 21 μm} and λ_{fb, 21 μm} because the independent star-forming regions are not sufficiently resolved (see Appendix A).

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