Open Access
Issue
A&A
Volume 706, February 2026
Article Number A62
Number of page(s) 20
Section Galactic structure, stellar clusters and populations
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557529
Published online 02 February 2026
  1. Alexander, J. S., & Albrow, M. D. 2025, MNRAS, 536, 471 [Google Scholar]
  2. Allison, R. J., Goodwin, S. P., Parker, R. J., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 395, 1449 [Google Scholar]
  3. Almeida, A., Monteiro, H., & Dias, W. S. 2023, MNRAS, 525, 2315 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  4. Anders, F., Cantat-Gaudin, T., Quadrino-Lodoso, I., et al. 2021, A&A, 645, L2 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anders, F., Khalatyan, A., Queiroz, A. B. A., et al. 2022, A&A, 658, A91 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  6. Arenou, F. 2011, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 1346, International Workshop on Double and Multiple Stars: Dynamics, Physics, and Instrumentation, eds. J. A. Docobo, V. S. Tamazian, & Y. Y. Balega, 107 [Google Scholar]
  7. Badenes, C., Mazzola, C., Thompson, T. A., et al. 2018, ApJ, 854, 147 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  8. Balaguer-Núñez, L., Jordi, C., & Galadí-Enríquez, D. 2005, A&A, 437, 457 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bell, C. P. M., Rees, J. M., Naylor, T., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 3496 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  10. Belokurov, V., Penoyre, Z., Oh, S., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 496, 1922 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bettis, C. 1977, ApJ, 214, 106 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bossini, D., Vallenari, A., Bragaglia, A., et al. 2019, A&A, 623, A108 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bouvier, J., Rigaut, F., & Nadeau, D. 1997, A&A, 323, 139 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  14. Brandner, W., Calissendorff, P., & Kopytova, T. 2023, AJ, 165, 108 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bressan, A., Marigo, P., Girardi, L., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 427, 127 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brewer, L. N., Sandquist, E. L., Mathieu, R. D., et al. 2016, AJ, 151, 66 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brogaard, K., Grundahl, F., Sandquist, E. L., et al. 2021, A&A, 649, A178 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cantat-Gaudin, T., Anders, F., Castro-Ginard, A., et al. 2020, A&A, 640, A1 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  19. Castro-Ginard, A., McMillan, P. J., Luri, X., et al. 2021, A&A, 652, A162 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  20. Castro-Ginard, A., Penoyre, Z., Casey, A. R., et al. 2024, A&A, 688, A1 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  21. Cavallo, L., Spina, L., Carraro, G., et al. 2024, AJ, 167, 12 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chen, T., & Guestrin, C. 2016, in Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD ’16 (ACM), 785 [Google Scholar]
  23. Childs, A. C., & Geller, A. M. 2025, ApJ, 989, 104 [Google Scholar]
  24. Childs, A. C., Geller, A. M., von Hippel, T., Motherway, E., & Zwicker, C. 2024, ApJ, 962, 41 [Google Scholar]
  25. Choi, J., Dotter, A., Conroy, C., et al. 2016, ApJ, 823, 102 [Google Scholar]
  26. Cohen, R. E., Geller, A. M., & von Hippel, T. 2020, AJ, 159, 11 [Google Scholar]
  27. Cordoni, G., Milone, A. P., Marino, A. F., et al. 2023, A&A, 672, A29 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  28. Cournoyer-Cloutier, C., Tran, A., Lewis, S., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 501, 4464 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cournoyer-Cloutier, C., Sills, A., Harris, W. E., et al. 2024, ApJ, 977, 203 [Google Scholar]
  30. Cranmer, K., Brehmer, J., & Louppe, G. 2020, PNAS, 117, 30055 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dalessandro, E., Lanzoni, B., Beccari, G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 743, 11 [Google Scholar]
  32. Danielski, C., Babusiaux, C., Ruiz-Dern, L., Sartoretti, P., & Arenou, F. 2018, A&A, 614, A19 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  33. De Angeli, F., Weiler, M., Montegriffo, P., et al. 2023, A&A, 674, A2 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  34. de la Fuente Marcos, R., & de la Fuente Marcos, C. 2010, ApJ, 719, 104 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  35. Deacon, N. R., & Kraus, A. L. 2020, MNRAS, 496, 5176 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dias, W. S., Monteiro, H., Moitinho, A., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 504, 356 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  37. Donada, J., Anders, F., Jordi, C., et al. 2023, A&A, 675, A89 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  38. Dotter, A. 2016, ApJS, 222, 8 [Google Scholar]
  39. Duchêne, G., & Kraus, A. 2013, ARA&A, 51, 269 [Google Scholar]
  40. Duquennoy, A., & Mayor, M. 1991, A&A, 248, 485 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ebrahimi, H., Sollima, A., & Haghi, H. 2022, MNRAS, 516, 5637 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  42. El-Badry, K., & Rix, H.-W. 2019, MNRAS, 482, L139 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  43. El-Badry, K., Rix, H.-W., Ting, Y.-S., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 473, 5043 [Google Scholar]
  44. El-Badry, K., Rix, H.-W., Tian, H., Duchêne, G., & Moe, M. 2019, MNRAS, 489, 5822 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  45. Fabricius, C., Luri, X., Arenou, F., et al. 2021, A&A, 649, A5 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  46. Freedman, D. A., & Diaconis, P. 1981, Zeitsch. Wahrscheinlich. Verwandte Gebiete, 57, 453 [Google Scholar]
  47. Fregeau, J. M., Ivanova, N., & Rasio, F. A. 2009, ApJ, 707, 1533 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  48. Fritzewski, D. J., Barnes, S. A., James, D. J., et al. 2019, A&A, 622, A110 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  49. Fuhrmann, K., Chini, R., Kaderhandt, L., & Chen, Z. 2017, ApJ, 836, 139 [Google Scholar]
  50. Gaia Collaboration (Prusti, T., et al.) 2016, A&A, 595, A1 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  51. Gaia Collaboration (Babusiaux, C., et al.) 2018, A&A, 616, A10 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  52. Gaia Collaboration (Arenou, F., et al.) 2023a, A&A, 674, A34 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gaia Collaboration, Vallenari, A., Brown, A. G. A., et al. 2023b, A&A, 674, A1 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  54. Gao, S., Zhao, H., Yang, H., & Gao, R. 2017, MNRAS, 469, L68 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  55. Geller, A. M., de Grijs, R., Li, C., & Hurley, J. R. 2013, ApJ, 779, 30 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  56. Geller, A. M., de Grijs, R., Li, C., & Hurley, J. R. 2015, ApJ, 805, 11 [Google Scholar]
  57. Geller, A. M., Mathieu, R. D., Latham, D. W., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 190 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  58. Giesers, B., Kamann, S., Dreizler, S., et al. 2019, A&A, 632, A3 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  59. Goodwin, S. P. 2013, MNRAS, 430, L6 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  60. Goodwin, S. P., & Kroupa, P. 2005, A&A, 439, 565 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  61. Greenberg, D., Nonnenmacher, M., & Macke, J. 2019, in Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 97, Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, eds. K. Chaudhuri & R. Salakhutdinov (PMLR), 2404 [Google Scholar]
  62. Grether, D., & Lineweaver, C. H. 2007, ApJ, 669, 1220 [Google Scholar]
  63. Guszejnov, D., Raju, A. N., Offner, S. S. R., et al. 2023, MNRAS, 518, 4693 [Google Scholar]
  64. Heggie, D. C. 1975, MNRAS, 173, 729 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  65. Hunt, E. L., & Reffert, S. 2023, A&A, 673, A114 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  66. Hunt, E. L., & Reffert, S. 2024, A&A, 686, A42 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  67. Hurley, J., & Tout, C. A. 1998, MNRAS, 300, 977 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  68. Hurley, J. R., Pols, O. R., Aarseth, S. J., & Tout, C. A. 2005, MNRAS, 363, 293 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  69. Hurley, J. R., Aarseth, S. J., & Shara, M. M. 2007, ApJ, 665, 707 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  70. Hwang, H.-C., Ting, Y.-S., Schlaufman, K. C., Zakamska, N. L., & Wyse, R. F. G. 2021, MNRAS, 501, 4329 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ivanova, N., Belczynski, K., Fregeau, J. M., & Rasio, F. A. 2005, MNRAS, 358, 572 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  72. Jadhav, V. V., Roy, K., Joshi, N., & Subramaniam, A. 2021, AJ, 162, 264 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  73. Janes, K., & Adler, D. 1982, ApJS, 49, 425 [Google Scholar]
  74. Ji, J., & Bregman, J. N. 2015, ApJ, 807, 32 [Google Scholar]
  75. Jiang, Y., Zhong, J., Qin, S., et al. 2024, ApJ, 971, 71 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  76. Joshi, Y. C., Deepak, & Malhotra, S. 2024, Front. Astron. Space Sci., 11, 1348321 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  77. Kaczmarek, T., Olczak, C., & Pfalzner, S. 2011, A&A, 528, A144 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  78. Kalirai, J. S., & Richer, H. B. 2010, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 368, 755 [Google Scholar]
  79. Kamdar, H., Conroy, C., Ting, Y.-S., et al. 2019, ApJ, 884, L42 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  80. Kelly, R. P., Warne, D. J., Frazier, D. T., et al. 2025, arXiv e-prints [arXiv:2503.12315] [Google Scholar]
  81. Khalatyan, A., Anders, F., Chiappini, C., et al. 2024, A&A, 691, A98 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kroupa, P. 2001, MNRAS, 322, 231 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  83. Krumholz, M. R., McKee, C. F., & Bland -Hawthorn, J. 2019, ARA&A, 57, 227 [Google Scholar]
  84. Kruskal, J. B. 1956, Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 7, 48 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  85. Lada, C. J., & Lada, E. A. 2003, ARA&A, 41, 57 [Google Scholar]
  86. Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., Gieles, M., Bastian, N., et al. 2005, A&A, 441, 117 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  87. Li, L., Shao, Z., Li, Z.-Z., et al. 2020, ApJ, 901, 49 [Google Scholar]
  88. Li, J., Li, J., Liu, C., et al. 2022, ApJ, 933, 119 [Google Scholar]
  89. Li, J., Rix, H.-W., Ting, Y.-S., et al. 2025, A&A, 704, A126 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  90. Lipartito, I., Bailey, III, J. I., Brandt, T. D., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 285 [Google Scholar]
  91. Liu, R., Shao, Z., & Li, L. 2025, AJ, 169, 116 [Google Scholar]
  92. Lucy, L. B., & Ricco, E. 1979, AJ, 84, 401 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  93. Malofeeva, A. A., Seleznev, A. F., & Carraro, G. 2022, AJ, 163, 113 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  94. Malofeeva, A. A., Mikhnevich, V. O., Carraro, G., & Seleznev, A. F. 2023, AJ, 165, 45 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  95. Marks, M., Kroupa, P., & Oh, S. 2011, MNRAS, 417, 1684 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  96. Mazur, B., Krzeminski, W., & Kaluzny, J. 1995, MNRAS, 273, 59 [Google Scholar]
  97. Mazzola, C. N., Badenes, C., Moe, M., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 499, 1607 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  98. Mermilliod, J. C., Rosvick, J. M., Duquennoy, A., & Mayor, M. 1992, A&A, 265, 513 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  99. Milone, A. P., Piotto, G., Bedin, L. R., et al. 2012, A&A, 540, A16 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  100. Moe, M., & Di Stefano, R. 2017, ApJS, 230, 15 [Google Scholar]
  101. Moe, M., Kratter, K. M., & Badenes, C. 2019, ApJ, 875, 61 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  102. Niu, H., Wang, J., & Fu, J. 2020, ApJ, 903, 93 [Google Scholar]
  103. Offner, S. S. R., Moe, M., Kratter, K. M., et al. 2023, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, 534, Protostars and Planets VII, eds. S. Inutsuka, Y. Aikawa, T. Muto, K. Tomida, & M. Tamura, 275 [Google Scholar]
  104. Pang, X., Wang, Y., Tang, S.-Y., et al. 2023, AJ, 166, 110 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  105. Papamakarios, G., & Murray, I. 2016, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 29, eds. D. Lee, M. Sugiyama, U. Luxburg, I. Guyon, & R. Garnett (Curran Associates, Inc.) [Google Scholar]
  106. Papamakarios, G., Nalisnick, E., Rezende, D. J., Mohamed, S., & Lakshmi-narayanan, B. 2021, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 22, 1 [Google Scholar]
  107. Parker, R. J., Goodwin, S. P., Kroupa, P., & Kouwenhoven, M. B. N. 2009, MNRAS, 397, 1577 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  108. Patience, J., Ghez, A. M., Reid, I. N., & Matthews, K. 2002, AJ, 123, 1570 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  109. Pavlík, V., Davies, M. B., Leitinger, E. I., et al. 2025, A&A, 703, A157 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  110. Platais, I., Melo, C., Quinn, S. N., et al. 2012, ApJ, 751, L8 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  111. Portegies Zwart, S. F., McMillan, S. L. W., Hut, P., & Makino, J. 2001, MNRAS, 321, 199 [Google Scholar]
  112. Prim, R. C. 1957, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 36, 1389 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  113. Queiroz, A. B. A., Anders, F., Chiappini, C., et al. 2023, A&A, 673, A155 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  114. Quintana, A. L., Hunt, E. L., & Parul, H. 2025, A&A, 701, L2 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  115. Raghavan, D., McAlister, H. A., Henry, T. J., et al. 2010, ApJS, 190, 1 [Google Scholar]
  116. Rastello, S., Carraro, G., & Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R. 2020, ApJ, 896, 152 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  117. Riello, M., De Angeli, F., Evans, D. W., et al. 2021, A&A, 649, A3 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  118. Robinson, E., von Hippel, T., Stein, N., et al. 2016, BASE-9: Bayesian Analysis for Stellar Evolution with nine variables, Astrophysics Source Code Library [record ascl:1608.007] [Google Scholar]
  119. Rottensteiner, A., & Meingast, S. 2024, A&A, 690, A16 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  120. Rozner, M., & Perets, H. B. 2023, ApJ, 955, 134 [Google Scholar]
  121. Scally, A., Clarke, C., & McCaughrean, M. J. 1999, MNRAS, 306, 253 [Google Scholar]
  122. Schlesinger, B. M. 1975, AJ, 80, 1071 [Google Scholar]
  123. Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 1163 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  124. Soubiran, C., Cantat-Gaudin, T., Romero-Gómez, M., et al. 2018, A&A, 619, A155 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  125. Spina, L., Magrini, L., & Cunha, K. 2022, Universe, 8, 87 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  126. Steele, P. R., Burleigh, M. R., Dobbie, P. D., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 2768 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  127. Sturges, H. A. 1926, J. Am. Statist. Assoc., 21, 65 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  128. Thompson, B. A., Frinchaboy, P. M., Spoo, T., & Donor, J. 2021, AJ, 161, 160 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  129. Tokovinin, A. A. 2000, A&A, 360, 997 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  130. Torres, G. 2020, ApJ, 901, 91 [Google Scholar]
  131. Torres, G., Latham, D. W., & Quinn, S. N. 2021, ApJ, 921, 117 [Google Scholar]
  132. van de Kamp, P. 1968, Leaflet Astron. Soc. Pac., 10, 153 [Google Scholar]
  133. Wallace, A. L. 2024, MNRAS, 527, 8718 [Google Scholar]
  134. Wang, F., Fang, M., Fu, X., et al. 2025, ApJ, 979, 92 [Google Scholar]
  135. Winters, J. G., Henry, T. J., Jao, W.-C., et al. 2019, AJ, 157, 216 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  136. Wright, E. L., Eisenhardt, P. R. M., Mainzer, A. K., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1868 [Google Scholar]
  137. Yuan, H. B., Liu, X. W., & Xiang, M. S. 2013, MNRAS, 430, 2188 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  138. Yuan, H., Liu, X., Xiang, M., et al. 2015, ApJ, 799, 135 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  139. Zwicker, C., Geller, A. M., Childs, A. C., Motherway, E., & von Hippel, T. 2024, ApJ, 967, 44 [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.