Between plateaus and slopes: A data-driven exploration of spectral diversity across Type IIP/L supernovae

¹ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85741 Garching, Germany
² Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
³ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain

^★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 7 August 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026

Abstract

Context. Type II supernovae (SNe II) have been traditionally separated into several subgroups based on their photometric and spectroscopic properties, but whether these represent distinct progenitors or a continuous distribution remains debated. Over the past decade, growing observational evidence has suggested a possible continuity between slow- (IIP) and fast-declining (IIL) SNe.

Aims. We investigate the continuity of the SNe IIP/L subclasses through a data-driven statistical analysis applied to spectral time series, aiming to determine whether significant correlations exist between the overall spectral shapes and light curve decline rates.

Methods. We introduced a novel standardization method for SN II spectra. After empirically flattening the spectra via continuum normalization, we interpolated the resulting “feature spectra” onto a fixed grid of epochs using Gaussian process regression. The interpolated spectra were then analyzed using principal component analysis to explore correlations.

Results. We find that SNe IIP and IIL form a continuum spectroscopically, though some clustering remains. The spectral diversity is mainly characterized by two components: one continuous group with well-defined P-Cygni profiles and another with “less-regular” features likely driven by enhanced circumstellar material (CSM) interaction. Our results reveal that the spectral diversity of SNe IIP/L diminishes over time. Comparisons with radiative transfer models confirm that both CSM interaction and hydrogen envelope mass variations are required to explain the diversity. We confirm observational correlations, namely that steeper light curve declines correspond to weaker spectral features, indicating that SNe IIL tend to show weaker emission and, in some cases, a lack of distinct absorption lines. These trends break down by enhanced CSM interaction that modifies the P-Cygni profiles.

Conclusions. Our data-driven method reveals underlying spectral correlations and supports a continuous distribution between IIP and IIL subtypes, with the CSM interaction being one of the main drivers. This method paves the way for more refined classification algorithms.